The Battelle Handbook

Materials Science and Technology - Teachers Handbook by phschemguy on Scribd

Things occasionally disappear from Scribd, so I'm also going to provide a Google Drive link to the above document here (and a link to the document directly on the Pacific Northwest National Laboratory (PNNL) website). Admittedly, it's a large pdf (350 or so pages), so you may want to download it rather than view it via preview.

This document is - to at least some extent - the forerunner of the ASM summer workshops, with many of our activities having been initially developed (or at least compiled) in the Materials Science and Technology Teachers Handbook from the Pacific Northwest National Laboratory operated by Battelle. I'll copy the abstract for the handbook in its entirety (in case link rot takes it away)...

The Materials Science and Technology (MST) Handbook was developed by Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, in Richland, Washington, under support from the U.S. Department of Energy. Many individuals have been involved in writing and reviewing materials for this project since it began at Richland High School in 1986, including contributions from educators at the Northwest Regional Education Laboratory, Central Washington University, the University of Washington, teachers from Northwest Schools, and science and education personnel at Pacific Northwest National Laboratory. Support for its development was also provided by the U.S. Department of Education. This introductory course combines the academic disciplines of chemistry, physics, and engineering to create a materials science and technology curriculum. The course covers the fundamentals of ceramics, glass, metals, polymers and composites. Designed to appeal to a broad range of students, the course combines hands-on activities, demonstrations and long term student project descriptions. The basic philosophy    , and the of the course is for students to observe, experiment, record, question, seek additional information, and, through creative and insightful thinking, solve problems related to materials science and technology. The MST Teacher Handbook contains a course description, philosophy, student learning objectives, and instructional approach and processes. Science and technology teachers can collaborate to build the course from their own interests, strengths, and experience while incorporating existing school and community resources. The course is intended to meet local educational requirements for technology, vocational and science education.

The handbook is a phenomenal document, opening with an introduction to materials science, continuing with an explanation of their goals for the project and the course, discussing how to set up a classroom environment that is conducive to student exploration, then covering an entire year's worth of classroom activities. 

Admittedly, the project was begun in 1986, published in 1994, and 'cleared for release in 2008.'

Some of the language and activities are dated, and the materials sources aren't remotely current. 

But this is the grandfather of the materials science course at Princeton High School, the forerunner of the ASM summer camps, this is the granddaddy of us all.

Thanks, ants...thants.

Checkerspot x Autodesk: A Better Future for Snow Sports (and more)

In the summer of 2023, our field trip from the Salt Lake City ASM summer teacher camp was to WNDR / Checkerspot.

When the trip was initially described to me, I thought we were going to see how snowboards and skis are made. I'm not a winter sport guy, so I figured it could be interesting but not necessarily my scene.

When we got there, though, I found that WNDR - the winter sports equipment maker and retailer - wasn't the real business. The real business was Checkerspot, a materials company that was producing polymer raw materials from microalgae as a replacement for petroleum sourcing. 

That company needed some way to demonstrate the utility of their materials, so they found a consumer-focused industry with high margins and a strong environmental conscience among its consumers. In the Salt Lake City area, skiing and snowboarding made sense for them because the final products - the snowboards and skis themselves - are high users of polymers in their composite materials, and the people who buy tend to be willing to spend a little more to buy environmentally friendly products.

The tour was outstanding, and I highly recommend getting to see their process if you're ever out in Salt Lake City. You can see some of their facility in this next video.

Four videos about one really bad event that could have been much worse

We'll start with the video debrief of the driver with the armored vehicle manufacturer after the fact so we're all aware that things worked out fine for the people you'll see in the next two videos which are the original footage - first one inside the vehicle, second one a dashcam pointed out of the video.

We've had impressive videos of bulletproof, composite glass before, but this is a really impressive application of that material in its designed use. And, of course, the host sits in the car at the very end while one of his coworkers fires another two shots at him. Nuts, man...

And the final video is from an American morning show providing some context on the interior video that was making its rounds on social media at the time.

Heck of a first day on the job for the guy in the passenger seat.

Making ULTRA-BRIGHT GLOWING GOO

Barnaby Dixon is an impressive puppeteer that I first heard about probably ten years ago. If you haven't checked out some of his work, do yourself a favor and spend a few minutes there first.

In this instructional video, Barnaby explains how he uses a thermoplastic polymer - a polymer that becomes flexible when it's heated above some temperature but is rigid below that same temperature. It's a great example of the polymer's glass transition phase change. Because polymers are mixtures, they don't necessarily have definite melting temperatures as pure substances like elements or compounds do. Instead they have ranges of temperatures during which they aren't quite solid or liquid but are flexible and moldable - think of hot glass being shapeable but not liquid.

I have some of this at school. It used to be available from Educational Innovations. That's where I bought it, but they sadly don't carry it anymore. Of course, just about anything is available at Amazon if you search for pcl moldeable plastic.

The Structure of Crystalline Solids

This video covers ground that is more attractively covered in this other unit cell video.

...but this video also goes through the specific math required to calculate the packing factor - the percent of occupied space - for each of the crystal structures.

Plus it has a Pokemon analogy - which the computer animation video doesn't have.

To paraphrase Corey Petersman, an AP chemistry and material science student during our first year of teaching matsci at Princeton, "vaporeon, witches!"

Exploring The Museum of Glass in Tacoma, WA USA Walking Tour

I've never been to the Pacific Northwest - not further north than the Redwoods National and State Parks in Northern California, anyway.

Might have to get to the Tacoma/Seattle area to check out the Museum of Glass.

This video is an un-narrated walking tour of that museum with occasional annotations in the top corner of the video. Not a ton of information - certainly no science - just glances at pretty glass.

Making an atomic trampoline

I've said it before, but an atomic trampoline demonstration set-up would make for a spectacular gift for your favorite neighborhood blogger.

NileRed took a different route than I've taken - which is mostly just wishing that I would stumble across an atomic trampoline and not really doing anything at all to make that happen - and decided to make a disk of amorphous metal on his own.

Admittedly, one of our ASM Master Teachers has a lead on getting sets of amorphous metal disks for us to have in our classrooms. It involves the material scientists at Apple's headquarters in California and turned out to be much more complicated than expected because - as NileRed finds out - the adhesive used to affix the amorphous metal to the steel base is highly relevant in maintaining the ridiculously bouncy nature of amorphous metals in this application.

Here's to hoping that my strategy of doing nothing and just hoping things will work out will...um...work out.

I'll include the Grand Illusions videos that inspired Steve Mould's video that in turn inspired NileRed's above video...

Making concrete green with Dr. Pranshoo Solanki | Illinois Summer Research Academy

I love that this is a week-long research project/workshop for high school seniors. I know that we don't do anything nearly that intensive in our material science course at Princeton - partially because of time constraints and partially because we don't have anything that would test concrete's compression strength with any accuracy.

Does anybody know of similar experiences that near you that we could recommend for our high school students?

How One Company Secretly Poisoned the Planet

At some point in my material science and chemistry courses, I speak bluntly to my students that most research suggests that man-made polymers are bad for us.

Some are worse than others, but most research on the effects of polymers on humans seems to suggest that there are bad effects from most man-made polymers. Some are minorly bad, but others - like the family of PFAS - are more obviously and persistently bad.

The video above is short and has a direct message: DuPont is bad (or has acted badly).

The longer video below - from Veritasium - is far longer but is much, much more informative.

If this sounds familiar, you might've seen a semi-recent movie about this story, Dark Waters.

Scientist Crack the Code on Large-Scale Fabric Recycling for Polyester-Cotton Blends

Source - Recyclingedu

I've read that giving your clothing to a resale store - i.e. Goowill in the United States - is better than throwing the clothing away even if there are significant rips that would need mending. I can't quote the source, but wherever I heard that from said that any fabric goods that they don't deem re-sellable are then downcycled into industrial rags. At least they're not going into landfills.

But scientists from the University of Amsterdam claim to have found a way to separate cotton from polyester and leave both as usable, recyclable products. The process seems chemically simple, soaking the blended fabrics in concentrated hydrochloric acid so that the cotton decomposes into glucose - which can be used as a monomer for further repolymerization - and leaving the still-polymerized polyester to be reformed into fabric.

Sounds great to me. Hopefully it'll be scaleable, because - as quoted in the article...

Textile production is responsible for 10% of global carbon emissions, more than international flights and maritime shipping combined. This new method could reduce emissions, conserve resources, and lessen our dependence on virgin materials by making recycling easier and more efficient.

System 001...through 003

Seven or so years ago a non-profit group known as The Ocean Cleanup launched System 001 (aka Wilson) into the Pacific Ocean to begin cleanup on the Great Pacific Garbage Patch, a high-concentration 'soup' of plastic between Hawaii and the Western Coast of the United States. 

Initial results were - by their own description - promising, though they did have some "unscheduled learning opportunities" leading to the creation of System 001/B then on to System 002 (aka Jenny). 

How NASA Reinvented The Wheel

If you're a long-time blog follower, you might be wondering if this isn't a repeat posting, but it's not.

I did previously post a video titled How NASA Reinvented The Wheel - Shape Memory Alloys, but that one was by Brian at Real Engineering.

The topic are largely the same, though this one goes more deeply into how NiTiNOL works on the stress-strain curve and how the deformation of NiTiNOL is an autenite to twinned martensitic crystal transformation - complete with some nice animations.

It does also mention that the crystal transformation are exo- and endothermic (17:05), something that I don't think I've seen mentioned in other videos. I admit that if hot water is necessary for the martensite to austenite transition, it must be endothermic, but I haven't seen anything demonstrating that transition being both noticeable with bare hands - and a large enough NiTiNOL sample - or via thermal imaging camera. Neat detail there, doctor Derek.

I'm With Her: Making the Vinyl for "See You Around"

I'm a fan of I'm With Her. In fact, I have tickets for their concert in Cincinnati on July 11. Great harmonies, great musicianship, loads of fun from three songwriters with great voices. Check out this live performance 

That's neither here nor there for today's video, however, as it's focused on the production of the vinyl for their first album. Initially the grooves are carved in a thin lacquer on an aluminum disk to make a master. The disk is then metallized with a thin coating of aluminum which is then copied as another metal disk to create a mother - another metal disk which is then used to make the actual vinyl records.

I'll admit that the general idea - make a positive to make a negative to make a whole bunch of positive copies - is fairly straight forward, but I've never seen the specific process for vinyl records.

ASM Teacher Camps - 2025

2025! 

That's the future, folks! 

Welcome to the future!

If you want to know how to be successful in that future, check out the ASM materials camp for teachers. 

The schedule for the 2025 summer camps is available online, and if you need to be convinced that the teachers camps are amazing, check out all the videos I've posted about the camps. There's no better sales pitch than the testimonials from our attendees.

littering war zone halos named for fallen heroes

Stick with me, folks.

I wouldn't normally turn to Fox News for my science reporting, but their story does the best job - of the ones I quickly searched on YouTube - of explaining the Kopp-Etchells effect in which the edges of helicopter rotor blades get abraded via airborn grains of sand, sending showers of pyrophoric tittanium-nickel alloys into the air and making for a lovely light show - that admittedly shortens the lifespan of the blades and advertises the presence of the helicopters at night.

Effectively, it turns the edges of the blades into sparklers.

It makes for some really pretty pictures, though...

Source - reddit

Source - wikipedia

Here's another video with a little more science presented in meme-ified format.

People said this experiment was impossible, so I tried it

As promised last week, here's the first Veritasium video about thermite. 

I'm not thrilled that Dr Derek's titles seem to be getting more clickbaity and less informative. Again this week, the video's title isn't really what the video is about. It's a minor part of the video - here addressed in about six minutes in the middle of the video - and doesn't really cover the bulk of the video's content.

With that being said, seeing thermite in slow motion and through glass is pretty stunning.

Great video...bad title...

Why don't railroads need expansion joints?

The title of this video - which might change since I'm writing this up just a day after it was posted to YouTube - is a bit misleading. The actual question in the title - why don't railroads need expansion joints - is only answered in the last half minute or so of the video and is answered more thoroughly in a Practical Engineering video that I'll post after a jump.

The bulk of the video is spent explaining how railroad welds using thermite work. The video explains the nuances far better than other thermite videos I've posted before, explaining why the rails must be aligned and peaked, why the rails must be preheated (including a nice demonstration of heat treating), how the crystal structure changes as a result of the weld, and eventually why the rails don't need expansion joints.

This is the second of at least three thermite videos from Dr Derek. I thought I'd posted the first video to both blogs, but I can't seem to find it, so it'll likely show up next week.

Making an atomic trampoline

I'll admit that I entered the giveaway to hopefully win one of NileRed's atomic trampolines.

No luck, though, so I'll only be able to show the video.

An atomic trampoline is really high on my matsci wish list, though. I want one so desperately.

I certainly watched this NileRed video and came to the conclusion that I'm a lot of money and skills away from making one myself.

How Disc Golf Discs Are Made (MVP Manufacturing Tour) - Smarter Every Day 301

Summer of George!

I do want Destin to get back to making shorter videos like his initial, six-and-a-half-minute Prince Rupert's drops video, but I understand that he's just working to optimize for the algorithm. 

At least the Smarter Every Day videos are quality videos from tip to tail, showing brilliant views and asking questions along the way of the entire manufacturing process.

I learn so much from all of Destin's videos.

And I'm going to get myself some of those MVP discs. 

What does it mean to be a metallographer?

Sprechen sie deutsch?

Ja, aber nur ein bisschen.

In case you don't speak German, the ZEISS folks have provided handy captions so Toni can take us on a bit of a tour to show what a metallographer does.

I will say that there are some metallographers in the world who don't necessarily use exclusively ZEISS microscopes, though, in spite of what this video shows.

How This 300-Year-Old Pastel Stick Maker Creates Nearly 2,000 Colors — More Than Its Competitors

#forbiddenfrosting

Most hand manufacturing processes are stunning to watch, and in this case it apparently produces a product that is superior to mass manufactured competitors. It has to be way more expensive and time-consuming, though.

So pretty...so mesmerizing...so colorful...

The worry about black plastic...and a correction

This video was published by Adam Ragusea in November 2024 about a study from a month or so earlier than that. 

The tl;dr of the study is that many black plastics are produced from recycled black plastics that are frequently sourced from electronic waste which contains higher amounts of particularly toxic, flame-retardant chemicals. Those 'new' black plastic items could - especially if used in high heat areas like food flippers and turners on the stovetop - release higher than safe amounts of those chemicals.

In the above video, Adam goes through the possible concerns that this raises as well as noting a possible math error in the study's calculations suggesting that the level of concern is slightly lower than the authors might have initially suggested.

The article was corrected - noting exactly the math error that Adam suggested, and Adam published a spectacular video explaining why that error should not undermine faith in the scientific process or even in the researchers and authors of the original article.